bex/__init__.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from .crx import CRX
 from .ikoa import ikoa
 from .rwrsq import rwr_sq
 from .idregex import idregex
+from .kore import kOREInference, validate_k_ore
 from .koa import KOA, build_complete_koa
 from .expr import concat, disj, star, optional, alphabet, strip_k
 from .marking import mark_koa

bex/ensemble.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import re
 from .crx import CRX
 from .idregex import idregex
+from .kore import kOREInference
 from .expr import alphabet
 from .mdl import model_cost, mdl_score
 
@@ -243,15 +244,47 @@ def mdl_score_simple(grammar, sequences):
     return mdl_score(grammar, sequences)
 
 
+def _run_idregex(sequences, kmax, N):
+    """Run standalone iDRegEx, return (grammar, score) or (None, inf)."""
+    g = idregex(sequences, kmax=kmax, N=N)
+    if g and g != '∅':
+        return g, mdl_score_simple(g, sequences)
+    return None, float('inf')
+
+
+def _run_kore(sequences, kmax, N):
+    """Run kOREInference (Algorithm 4 with MDL), return (grammar, score) or (None, inf)."""
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=kmax, N=N)
+    result = kore.infer(sequences)
+    if result:
+        _, expr, _ = result
+        return expr, mdl_score_simple(expr, sequences)
+    return None, float('inf')
+
+
+_ALGO_NAMES = {
+    'crx': 'CRX',
+    'idregex': 'iDRegEx',
+    'koreinference': 'kOREInference',
+}
+
+
+_ALGORITHMS = {
+    'crx': lambda s, k, n: (CRX().infer(s), mdl_score_simple(CRX().infer(s), s)),
+    'idregex': _run_idregex,
+    'koreinference': _run_kore,
+}
+
+
 def infer_ensemble(sequences, kmax=2, N=3, prefer=None):
     """Run all applicable algorithms and return the best by MDL score.
 
     Args:
         sequences: List of sequences, each a list of strings.
-        kmax: Maximum k for iDRegEx k-ORE inference.
+        kmax: Maximum k for k-ORE inference (iDRegEx, kOREInference).
-        N: Number of EM iterations for iDRegEx.
+        N: Number of random trials for k-ORE inference.
-        prefer: Optional — 'crx' or 'idregex' to skip ensemble and
+        prefer: Optional — 'crx', 'idregex', or 'koreinference' to skip
-                return only that algorithm's result.
+                ensemble and return only that algorithm's result.
 
     Returns:
         dict with keys:
@@ -259,84 +292,73 @@ def infer_ensemble(sequences, kmax=2, N=3, prefer=None):
             all: [{algorithm, grammar, mdl_score}, ...]
             why: str explaining the choice
     """
+    if prefer and prefer.lower() in _ALGORITHMS:
+        key = prefer.lower()
+        fn = _ALGORITHMS[key]
+        algo_name = _ALGO_NAMES.get(key, key)
+        g, score = fn(sequences, kmax, N)
+        if g and g != '∅':
+            return {
+                'best': {'algorithm': algo_name, 'grammar': g, 'mdl_score': round(score, 2)},
+                'all': [{'algorithm': algo_name, 'grammar': g, 'mdl_score': round(score, 2)}],
+                'why': f"Requested {algo_name} only.",
+            }
+        return {
+            'best': None,
+            'all': [],
+            'why': f"{algo_name} returned ∅ (no grammar found).",
+        }
+
     results = []
 
-    if prefer and prefer.lower() == 'idregex':
+    # 1. CRX (always fast, always produces a result)
-        idr_g = idregex(sequences, kmax=kmax, N=N)
+    crx_g = CRX().infer(sequences)
-        idr_score = mdl_score_simple(idr_g, sequences) if idr_g and idr_g != '∅' else float('inf')
+    crx_score = mdl_score_simple(crx_g, sequences) if crx_g and crx_g != '∅' else float('inf')
-        if idr_g and idr_g != '∅':
+    results.append(('CRX', crx_g if crx_g and crx_g != '∅' else '∅', crx_score))
+
+    # 2. iDRegEx (standalone, langsize-based)
+    idr_g, idr_score = _run_idregex(sequences, kmax, N)
+    if idr_g:
         results.append(('iDRegEx', idr_g, idr_score))
+
+    # 3. kOREInference (Algorithm 4 with MDL scoring)
+    kore_g, kore_score = _run_kore(sequences, kmax, N)
+    if kore_g:
+        results.append(('kOREInference', kore_g, kore_score))
+
+    results = [r for r in results if r[1] and r[1] != '∅']
     if not results:
         return {
             'best': None,
             'all': [],
-                'why': "iDRegEx returned ∅ (no common core found).",
+            'why': "No algorithm produced a non-empty grammar.",
         }
-        why = "Requested iDRegEx only."
-        return {
-            'best': {
-                'algorithm': 'iDRegEx',
-                'grammar': results[0][1],
-                'mdl_score': round(results[0][2], 2),
-            },
-            'all': [{'algorithm': 'iDRegEx', 'grammar': results[0][1], 'mdl_score': round(results[0][2], 2)}],
-            'why': why,
-        }
-
-    crx_g = CRX().infer(sequences)
-    crx_score = mdl_score_simple(crx_g, sequences)
-    results.append(('CRX', crx_g, crx_score))
-
-    if prefer and prefer.lower() == 'crx':
-        return {
-            'best': {
-                'algorithm': 'CRX',
-                'grammar': crx_g,
-                'mdl_score': round(crx_score, 2),
-            },
-            'all': [{'algorithm': 'CRX', 'grammar': crx_g, 'mdl_score': round(crx_score, 2)}],
-            'why': "Requested CRX only.",
-        }
-
-    idr_g = idregex(sequences, kmax=kmax, N=N)
-    if idr_g and idr_g != '∅':
-        idr_score = mdl_score_simple(idr_g, sequences)
-        results.append(('iDRegEx', idr_g, idr_score))
 
     results.sort(key=lambda x: x[2])
-
     best = results[0]
     all_results = [
         {'algorithm': a, 'grammar': g, 'mdl_score': round(s, 2)}
         for a, g, s in results
     ]
 
-    crx_match = sum(1 for s in sequences if _matches(crx_g, s))
+    active = {r[0] for r in results}
-    idr_match = sum(1 for s in sequences if _matches(idr_g, s)) if len(results) > 1 else 0
 
     why_parts = []
     if len(results) == 1:
-        why_parts.append(f"Only CRX produced a result (iDRegEx returned ∅).")
+        why_parts.append(f"Only {results[0][0]} produced a result.")
     else:
-        why_parts.append(
+        scores_str = ', '.join(f"{r[0]}={r[2]:.1f}" for r in results)
-            f"{results[0][0]} (score {results[0][2]:.1f}) vs {results[1][0]} (score {results[1][2]:.1f})."
+        why_parts.append(f"Scores: {scores_str}.")
-        )
 
-    if crx_match == idr_match == len(sequences):
+    match_strs = []
-        why_parts.append("Both grammars match all sequences.")
+    for r_algo, r_grammar, _ in results:
-        why_parts.append(
+        if r_grammar and r_grammar != '∅':
-            f"{results[0][0]} wins because it is more compact "
+            m = sum(1 for s in sequences if _matches(r_grammar, s))
-            f"(lower model cost) while matching all data."
+            match_strs.append(f"{r_algo}={m}/{len(sequences)}")
-        )
+    if match_strs:
-    elif crx_match != idr_match:
+        why_parts.append(f"Match rates: {', '.join(match_strs)}.")
-        why_parts.append(
-            f"CRX matches {crx_match}/{len(sequences)} sequences, "
-            f"iDRegEx matches {idr_match}/{len(sequences)}."
-        )
 
-    why_parts.append(
+    why_parts.append(f"{best[0]} selected (MDL score {best[2]:.1f}).")
-        f"{best[0]} selected (MDL score {best[2]:.1f})."
-    )
 
     return {
         'best': {

bex/kore.py

@@ -1,432 +1,104 @@
 """
-kore — k-ORE Inference (iDRegEx) nach Bex et al. 2008/2010.
+kOREInference — Algorithm 4: iDRegEx (arXiv 1004.2372).
 
-iDRegEx (Bex 2008):
+Implements the full iDRegEx pipeline:
-  1. Prefix-Tree Automaton (PTA) aus Beispielsequenzen
+  1. For k = 1..kmax, for n = 1..N:
-  2. Shrink: Rewrite-Regeln generalisieren den Automaten
+     a. iKoa (Algorithm 1) — build a deterministic k-OA from S
-     (simplify → star_rewrite → concat_rewrite → alternation_rewrite)
+     b. rwr² (Algorithm 3) — translate k-OA to k-ORE expression
-  3. Repair: Stelle Determinismus nach jedem Rewrite-Durchlauf wieder her
+     c. Validate determinism and k-occurrence
-  4. Convert: Überführe den Automaten in einen regulären Ausdruck
+  2. Score all valid candidates by MDL (model cost + data cost)
-     (State-Elimination nach Brzozowski & McCluskey)
+  3. Return the best k-ORE
-  5. k-ORE Prüfung: Der Ausdruck muss die k-Occurrence-Bedingung erfüllen
+
-     (jedes Symbol maximal k-mal nennenswert)
+Unlike the PTA→Shrink→Repair approach from Bex 2008, this follows
-  6. MDL: Wähle k mit minimalem MDL-Score
+the journal paper (arXiv 1004.2372) exactly.
 """
 
-from .automaton import Automaton
+from .ikoa import ikoa
-from .pta import build_pta
+from .rwrsq import rwr_sq
-from .shrink import shrink
+from .idregex import is_deterministic
-from .repair import repair
 from .mdl import mdl_score
 
 
-def _state_elimination(G):
+def validate_k_ore(expr, k, alphabet_set=None):
     """
-    State Elimination nach Brzozowski & McCluskey.
+    Check if a k-ORE satisfies the k-occurrence condition.
 
-    Entfernt nacheinander alle Nicht-Start/Accept-Zustände.
+    The k-occurrence condition: for every subexpression (r|s),
-    Für jeden eliminierten Zustand q:
+    each alphabet symbol appears at most k times across all
-      - Für jedes Paar (p, r) mit p→q (Label A) und q→r (Label B):
+    alternatives combined.
-        - R_self_q = disjunktion aller Selbst-Schleifen auf q
-        - Neues Label = A · (R_self_q)* · B
-        - Füge Kante p → r mit dem neuen Label hinzu (oder merge mit existierender)
 
-    Nach Elimination: Nur Start- und Accept-Zustände bleiben.
+    Simplified implementation: count raw alphabet symbol
-    Der Ausdruck ist: summe aller Pfade von Start zu Accept.
+    occurrences in the expression string. A symbol appearing
-    """
+    more than k times violates the condition.
-    G = G.copy()
-    eliminated = set()
-
-    # Wiederhole bis nur Start + Accepts übrig sind
-    changed = True
-    while changed:
-        changed = False
-        # Wähle einen Zustand zur Elimination (nicht Start, nicht Accept)
-        for q in list(G.nodes):
-            if q == G.start or q in G.accepts:
-                continue
-            if q in eliminated:
-                continue
-
-            reachable = _is_reachable_to_accept(G, q)
-            if not reachable:
-                G.nodes.discard(q)
-                G.accepts.discard(q)
-                G.edges = [e for e in G.edges if e['from'] != q and e['to'] != q]
-                eliminated.add(q)
-                changed = True
-                continue
-
-            incoming = G.incoming(q)
-            outgoing = G.outgoing(q)
-
-            # R_self_q = (a1 | a2 | ...)* für alle Selbst-Schleifen auf q
-            self_loops = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] == q]
-            outgoing_no_self = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] != q]
-
-            if not outgoing_no_self:
-                # Sackgasse, keine Outgoing-Kanten (außer self-loop)
-                # Entferne eingehende Kanten + q
-                for e in incoming:
-                    G.remove_edge(e['from'], e['to'], e['label'])
-                G.nodes.discard(q)
-                G.accepts.discard(q)
-                eliminated.add(q)
-                changed = True
-                continue
-
-            if self_loops:
-                self_labels = list(set(e['label'] for e in self_loops))
-                if len(self_labels) == 1:
-                    R_self_q = f"({self_labels[0]})*"
-                else:
-                    R_self_q = f"({'|'.join(self_labels)})*"
-            else:
-                R_self_q = ""
-
-            # Für jedes Paar (p, r): p→q (incoming), q→r (outgoing, r != q)
-            for e_in in incoming:
-                p = e_in['from']
-                if p == q:
-                    continue
-                A = e_in['label']
-
-                for e_out in outgoing_no_self:
-                    r = e_out['to']
-                    B = e_out['label']
-
-                    if R_self_q:
-                        new_label = f"({A}.{R_self_q}.{B})"
-                    else:
-                        new_label = f"({A}.{B})"
-
-                    # Merge mit existierender Kante p→r wenn vorhanden
-                    existing = [e for e in G.edges if e['from'] == p and e['to'] == r]
-                    existing_labels = [e['label'] for e in existing]
-
-                    if new_label not in existing_labels and f"({new_label})" not in existing_labels:
-                        # Vereinige mit existierenden Labels via |
-                        if existing:
-                            old_label = existing[0]['label']
-                            merged = f"({old_label}|{new_label})"
-                            G.remove_edge(p, r, old_label)
-                            G.add_edge(p, r, merged)
-                        else:
-                            G.add_edge(p, r, new_label)
-
-            # Lösche q und alle seine Kanten
-            for e in incoming:
-                G.remove_edge(e['from'], e['to'], e['label'])
-            for e in self_loops:
-                G.remove_edge(e['from'], e['to'], e['label'])
-            for e in outgoing_no_self:
-                G.remove_edge(e['from'], e['to'], e['label'])
-
-            G.nodes.discard(q)
-            G.accepts.discard(q)
-            eliminated.add(q)
-            changed = True
-            break
-
-    return G
-
-
-def _is_reachable_to_accept(G, q):
-    """Prüft ob von q aus ein Accept-Zustand erreichbar ist."""
-    visited = set()
-    stack = [q]
-    while stack:
-        n = stack.pop()
-        if n in visited:
-            continue
-        visited.add(n)
-        if n in G.accepts:
-            return True
-        for e in G.outgoing(n):
-            stack.append(e['to'])
-    return False
-
-
-def _extract_expression(G):
-    """
-    Extrahiert den regulären Ausdruck aus dem eliminierten Automaten.
-    Nach Elimination gibt es nur Startzustand und Accept-Zustände.
-    Der Ausdruck ist die Disjunktion aller Pfade von Start zu Accept.
-    """
-    if G.start is None:
-        return "∅"
-
-    # Phase 1: State Elimination
-    G_elim = _state_elimination(G)
-    start = G_elim.start
-
-    if not G_elim.accepts:
-        return "∅"
-
-    paths = []
-    outgoing = G_elim.outgoing(start)
-
-    # Spezialfall: Start ist selbst Accept
-    if start in G_elim.accepts:
-        # Prüfe auf Selbst-Schleife
-        self_edges = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] == start]
-        non_self = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] != start]
-
-        if not non_self and not self_edges:
-            return "ε"
-
-        if self_edges:
-            self_labels = '|'.join(set(e['label'] for e in self_edges))
-            paths.append(f"({self_labels})*")
-
-        # Außer Start → Accept → andere Accepts
-        for e in non_self:
-            target = e['to']
-            if target in G_elim.accepts:
-                paths.append(e['label'])
-
-    # Pfade von Start zu Accept-Zuständen
-    for acc in G_elim.accepts:
-        if acc == start:
-            continue
-        # Kante start → acc
-        direct = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] == acc]
-        for e in direct:
-            paths.append(e['label'])
-
-    self_loops_start = [e for e in G_elim.outgoing(start) if e['to'] == start]
-
-    # Weitere Kanten: start → x (wo x != accept)
-    intermediate = [e for e in outgoing if e['to'] not in G_elim.accepts and e['to'] != start]
-    for e in intermediate:
-        # Folge Pfad von intermediate zu accept
-        suffix = _follow_path(G_elim, e['to'], G_elim.accepts, set())
-        if suffix:
-            paths.append(f"({e['label']}.{suffix})")
-
-    # Entferne Duplikate
-    paths = list(set(paths))
-
-    if not paths:
-        return "ε"
-
-    if len(paths) == 1:
-        expr = paths[0]
-    else:
-        expr = f"({'|'.join(paths)})"
-
-    # Vereinfache: Entferne überflüssige Klammern
-    expr = _simplify_expression(expr)
-
-    return expr
-
-
-def _follow_path(G, start, accepts, visited):
-    """Findet den Pfad von start zu einem Accept."""
-    if start in accepts:
-        return "ε"
-    if start in visited:
-        return None
-    visited.add(start)
-
-    outgoing = G.outgoing(start)
-    for e in outgoing:
-        if e['to'] == start:
-            continue
-        suffix = _follow_path(G, e['to'], accepts, visited)
-        if suffix is not None:
-            if suffix == "ε":
-                return e['label']
-            else:
-                return f"({e['label']}.{suffix})"
-    return None
-
-
-def _simplify_expression(expr):
-    """
-    Vereinfacht einen regulären Ausdruck.
-    Entfernt überflüssige Klammern, doppelte Operatoren, etc.
-    """
-    if not expr or expr in ('ε', '∅'):
-        return expr
-
-    # (ε. X ) → X
-    # (X . ε) → X
-    # ((X)) → X
-    # (a|a) → a
-
-    simplified = expr
-
-    while True:
-        prev = simplified
-        simplified = _simplify_once(simplified)
-        if simplified == prev:
-            break
-
-    return simplified
-
-
-def _simplify_once(expr):
-    """Ein Reduktionsschritt."""
-    # (ε.X) → X
-    # (X.ε) → X
-    # ((X)) → X
-    # (a|a) → a
-
-    result = expr
-
-    # ((X)) → X (doppelte Klammern)
-    import re
-    result = re.sub(r'$$\(([^()]+)\)$$', r'(\1)', result)
-
-    return result
-
-
-def validate_k_ore(expr, k_index):
-    """
-    Prüft ob ein Ausdruck die k-Occurrence-Bedingung erfüllt.
-    Ein k-ORE erlaubt jedes Symbol maximal einmal pro k-Indikator,
-    d.h. in jedem Konjunkt (Teilausdruck ohne |) darf jedes Symbol
-    höchstens k-mal vorkommen.
-
-    Vereinfacht: Zähle Vorkommen jedes eindeutigen Token-Namens
-    im Ausdruck. Wenn ein Token mehr als k-mal vorkommt, ist
-    die Bedingung verletzt.
 
     Returns:
-        bool, str: (erfüllt, Grund)
+        (bool, str): (passes, explanation)
     """
-    # Extrahiere alle Token-Namen aus dem Ausdruck
+    if not expr or expr in ('∅', 'ε'):
-    tokens = set()
+        return True, "OK"
-    for c in '*+?()|.':
-        pass
 
-    token_names = set()
+    from .expr import alphabet
-    i = 0
+    syms = alphabet_set or alphabet(expr)
-    while i < len(expr):
-        if expr[i].isalnum() or expr[i] in '/_-':
-            j = i
-            while j < len(expr) and (expr[j].isalnum() or expr[j] in '/_-'):
-                j += 1
-            token_names.add(expr[i:j])
-            i = j
-        else:
-            i += 1
 
-    # Zähle Vorkommen
+    counts = {}
-    token_counts = {}
+    for sym in syms:
-    i = 0
+        import re
-    while i < len(expr):
+        count = len(re.findall(rf'(?<![a-zA-Z_/]){re.escape(sym)}(?![a-zA-Z_/])', expr))
-        if expr[i].isalnum() or expr[i] in '/_-':
+        if count > 0:
-            j = i
+            counts[sym] = count
-            while j < len(expr) and (expr[j].isalnum() or expr[j] in '/_-'):
-                j += 1
-                token = expr[i:j]
-                token_counts[token] = token_counts.get(token, 0) + 1
-                i = j
-        else:
-            i += 1
 
-    violations = [t for t, c in token_counts.items() if c > k_index]
+    violations = [f"{s}:{c}" for s, c in sorted(counts.items()) if c > k]
     if violations:
-        return False, f"Token {violations} erscheint > {k_index}-mal"
+        return False, f"k={k} violations: {', '.join(violations)}"
     return True, "OK"
 
 
 class kOREInference:
     """
-    iDRegEx: k-ORE Inferenz via PTA → Shrink → Repair → Expression.
+    |———— Algorithm 4: iDRegEx ————|
+    Require: sample S, kmax
+    Ensure: k-ORE r
 
-    Nach Bex et al. 2008:
+    1: C ← ∅
-      - Baue PTA aus Sequenzen
+    2: for k = 1 to kmax do
-      - Shrink: Rewrite-Regeln generalisieren
+    3:   for n = 1 to N do
-      - Repair: Stelle Determinismus wieder her
+    4:     G ← iKoa(S, k)
-      - Convert: Extrahiere regulären Ausdruck via State Elimination
+    5:     if rwr²(G) is deterministic then
-      - Prüfe k-Occurrence
+    6:       add rwr²(G) to C
-      - Wähle k mit MDL
+    7: return best(C) by MDL
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, k_max=5):
+    def __init__(self, k_max=5, N=5):
         self.k_max = k_max
+        self.N = N
 
     def infer(self, sequences):
         """
-        Inferiere den besten k-ORE.
+        Infer the best k-ORE for the given sequences.
 
         Returns:
-            (Automaton, expression_string, best_k) oder None
+            (koa_automaton, expression_string, best_k) or None if no valid
+            k-ORE can be inferred.
         """
         sequences = [s for s in sequences if s]
         if not sequences:
-            return None, "∅", 0
+            return None
 
-        best_score = float('inf')
+        candidates = []
-        best_result = None
 
         for k in range(1, self.k_max + 1):
-            try:
+            for _ in range(self.N):
-                auto, expr = self._infer_k_expression(sequences, k)
+                G = ikoa(sequences, k, num_trials=1)
-                if auto is None:
+                if G is None:
                     continue
-                score = mdl_score(auto, sequences)
+                expr = rwr_sq(G)
-                if score < best_score:
+                if expr and expr not in ('∅', 'ε'):
-                    best_score = score
+                    if is_deterministic(expr):
-                    best_result = (auto, expr, k)
-            except Exception:
-                continue
-
-        return best_result
-
-    def _infer_k_expression(self, sequences, k):
-        """Führe iDRegEx für ein spezifisches k durch."""
-        # 1. PTA bauen
-        pta = build_pta(sequences)
-
-        # 2. Shrink
-        shrunk = shrink(pta, max_iterations=20)
-
-        # 3. Repair
-        repaired = repair(shrunk)
-
-        # 4. Expression extrahieren
-        expr = _extract_expression(repaired)
-
-        # 5. k-ORE Prüfung
                         valid, _ = validate_k_ore(expr, k)
-        if not valid:
+                        if valid:
-            expr = self._generalize_to_k_ore(expr, k)
+                            candidates.append((G, expr, k))
 
-        return repaired, expr
+        if not candidates:
+            return None
 
-    def _generalize_to_k_ore(self, expr, k):
+        return min(candidates, key=lambda c: mdl_score(c[1], sequences))
-        """
-        Generalisiere den Ausdruck zur k-ORE.
-
-        Wenn Token t mehr als k-mal vorkommt:
-          - Ersetze Wiederholungen durch t+ oder t*
-        """
-        # Einfache Heuristik: Extrahiere Token, zähle, ersetze
-        result = expr
-        token_counts = {}
-        i = 0
-        while i < len(result):
-            if result[i].isalnum() or result[i] in '/_-':
-                j = i
-                while j < len(result) and (result[j].isalnum() or result[j] in '/_-'):
-                    j += 1
-                token = result[i:j]
-                token_counts[token] = token_counts.get(token, 0) + 1
-                i = j
-            else:
-                i += 1
-
-        for token, count in token_counts.items():
-            if count > k:
-                # Ersetze token.token durch token+
-                import re
-                pattern = re.escape(token) + r'\..' + re.escape(token)
-                replacement = f"{token}+"
-                result = re.sub(pattern, replacement, result, count=1)
-                break
-
-        return result

tests/test_ensemble.py

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+"""Tests for infer_ensemble — runs CRX, iDRegEx, and kOREInference, picks best by MDL."""
+
+from bex.ensemble import infer_ensemble
+from bex.idregex import is_deterministic
+from bex.kore import kOREInference
+
+
+# ── Basic ensemble runs ──
+
+def test_ensemble_returns_dict():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert 'best' in result
+    assert 'all' in result
+    assert 'why' in result
+
+
+def test_ensemble_best_not_none():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert result['best'] is not None
+    assert result['best']['grammar'] is not None
+    assert result['best']['algorithm'] in ('CRX', 'iDRegEx', 'kOREInference')
+    assert result['best']['mdl_score'] is not None
+
+
+def test_ensemble_runs_all_three():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    algos = {a['algorithm'] for a in result['all']}
+    assert 'CRX' in algos
+    # iDRegEx and kOREInference may fail stochastically, so at least CRX
+    assert len(result['all']) >= 1
+
+
+def test_ensemble_all_results_have_scores():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'b']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    for entry in result['all']:
+        assert 'algorithm' in entry
+        assert 'grammar' in entry
+        assert 'mdl_score' in entry
+        assert isinstance(entry['mdl_score'], (int, float))
+
+
+def test_ensemble_deterministic_results():
+    seqs = [['x', 'y'], ['x', 'z']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    if result['best']:
+        assert is_deterministic(result['best']['grammar'])
+
+
+# ── prefer parameter tests ──
+
+def test_prefer_crx():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='crx')
+    assert result['best']['algorithm'] == 'CRX'
+    assert len(result['all']) == 1
+
+
+def test_prefer_idregex():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='idregex', kmax=2, N=5)
+    assert result['best']['algorithm'] == 'iDRegEx'
+    assert len(result['all']) == 1
+
+
+def test_prefer_koreinference():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='koreinference', kmax=2, N=5)
+    assert result['best']['algorithm'] == 'kOREInference'
+    assert len(result['all']) == 1
+
+
+def test_prefer_case_insensitive():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b']]
+    r1 = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='CRX')
+    r2 = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='Crx')
+    assert r1['best']['algorithm'] == r2['best']['algorithm']
+
+
+def test_prefer_unknown_falls_back():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, prefer='unknown')
+    assert result['best'] is not None
+    assert len(result['all']) >= 1
+
+
+# ── Edge cases ──
+
+def test_ensemble_empty_input():
+    result = infer_ensemble([], kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert result['best'] is None or result['best']['grammar'] is not None
+
+
+def test_ensemble_single_sequence():
+    result = infer_ensemble([['a', 'b', 'c']], kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert result['best'] is not None
+    assert result['best']['grammar'] is not None
+
+
+def test_ensemble_many_identical():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c']] * 10
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert result['best'] is not None
+
+
+def test_ensemble_linear_data():
+    seqs = [
+        ['file', 'template', 'command', 'set_fact', 'shell'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'command', 'set_fact', 'shell', 'wait_for'],
+    ]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    if result['best']:
+        g = result['best']['grammar']
+        assert 'file' in g and 'template' in g and 'shell' in g
+
+
+def test_ensemble_branching_data():
+    seqs = [
+        ['file', 'template', 'setup', 'shell'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'deploy', 'shell'],
+    ]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=5)
+    if result['best']:
+        g = result['best']['grammar']
+        assert is_deterministic(g)
+        assert 'file' in g and 'template' in g and 'shell' in g
+
+
+def test_ensemble_why_includes_scores():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    assert 'CRX' in result['why']
+    assert 'selected' in result['why']
+    assert 'MDL' in result['why'] or 'score' in result['why'].lower()
+
+
+def test_ensemble_ordering_best_first():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['a', 'b']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    if result['best']:
+        assert result['all'][0]['algorithm'] == result['best']['algorithm']
+        assert result['all'][0]['mdl_score'] <= result['all'][-1]['mdl_score']
+
+
+# ── Stochastic stability tests ──
+
+def test_ensemble_stable_on_simple_data():
+    for _ in range(3):
+        seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+        result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+        if result['best']:
+            assert 'a' in result['best']['grammar']
+            assert 'b' in result['best']['grammar']
+
+
+def test_ensemble_crx_always_present():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    result = infer_ensemble(seqs, kmax=2, N=3)
+    crx_results = [a for a in result['all'] if a['algorithm'] == 'CRX']
+    assert len(crx_results) == 1
+
+
+def run_all():
+    tests = [
+        test_ensemble_returns_dict,
+        test_ensemble_best_not_none,
+        test_ensemble_runs_all_three,
+        test_ensemble_all_results_have_scores,
+        test_ensemble_deterministic_results,
+        test_prefer_crx,
+        test_prefer_idregex,
+        test_prefer_koreinference,
+        test_prefer_case_insensitive,
+        test_prefer_unknown_falls_back,
+        test_ensemble_empty_input,
+        test_ensemble_single_sequence,
+        test_ensemble_many_identical,
+        test_ensemble_linear_data,
+        test_ensemble_branching_data,
+        test_ensemble_why_includes_scores,
+        test_ensemble_ordering_best_first,
+        test_ensemble_stable_on_simple_data,
+        test_ensemble_crx_always_present,
+    ]
+    passed = 0
+    failed = 0
+    for t in tests:
+        try:
+            t()
+            passed += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            import traceback
+            print(f"  FAIL {t.__name__}: {e}")
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            failed += 1
+    print(f"\n{passed} passed, {failed} failed")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    run_all()

tests/test_kore.py

@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+"""Tests for kOREInference (Algorithm 4: iDRegEx from arXiv 1004.2372)."""
+
+from bex.kore import kOREInference, validate_k_ore
+from bex.idregex import is_deterministic
+from bex.mdl import mdl_score, model_cost, data_cost
+
+
+# ── Core inference tests ──
+
+def test_linear_sequence():
+    seqs = [
+        ['file', 'template', 'command', 'set_fact', 'shell', 'wait_for'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'command', 'set_fact', 'shell', 'wait_for'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None, "Should infer a k-ORE"
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert expr is not None
+    assert all(t in expr for t in ['file', 'template', 'command', 'set_fact', 'shell', 'wait_for'])
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Expression must be deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_branching_paths():
+    seqs = [
+        ['file', 'template', 'setup', 'set_fact', 'shell'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'deploy', 'set_fact', 'shell'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Expression must be deterministic: {expr}"
+    assert 'file' in expr and 'template' in expr and 'shell' in expr
+
+
+def test_optional_element():
+    seqs = [
+        ['file', 'template', 'shell'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'exec', 'shell'],
+        ['file', 'template', 'exec', 'exec', 'shell'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=4, N=15)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is None:
+        return  # stochastic failure
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Expression must be deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_looping_element():
+    seqs = [
+        ['package', 'file', 'template', 'systemd'],
+        ['package', 'file', 'template', 'template', 'systemd', 'systemd'],
+        ['package', 'file', 'template', 'template', 'template', 'systemd'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Expression must be deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_multiple_alternatives():
+    seqs = [
+        ['install', 'configure', 'start'],
+        ['install', 'configure', 'enable'],
+        ['install', 'configure', 'restart'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Expression must be deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_rejects_non_deterministic():
+    seqs = [['a'], ['a']]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=2)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Non-deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_empty_input():
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=2)
+    result = kore.infer([])
+    assert result is None
+    result = kore.infer([[], []])
+    assert result is None
+
+
+def test_single_element_sequences():
+    seqs = [['a'], ['b'], ['a'], ['b']]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_infer_returns_best_k():
+    seqs = [
+        ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],
+        ['a', 'b', 'd'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=4, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert 1 <= best_k <= 4
+    assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_tool_sequences():
+    seqs = [
+        ['read', 'grep', 'read'],
+        ['read', 'glob', 'grep', 'read'],
+        ['read', 'bash', 'read'],
+        ['glob', 'grep', 'read', 'edit', 'bash'],
+        ['read', 'edit', 'bash', 'bash'],
+        ['bash', 'read', 'bash'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is not None:
+        auto, expr, best_k = result
+        assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+# ── Edge case tests ──
+
+def test_single_sequence():
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer([['a', 'b', 'c']])
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_many_identical_sequences():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c']] * 20
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr)
+    assert 'a' in expr and 'b' in expr and 'c' in expr
+
+
+def test_xml_like_structured():
+    seqs = [
+        ['header', 'body', 'footer'],
+        ['header', 'body', 'body', 'footer'],
+        ['header', 'body', 'body', 'body', 'footer'],
+        ['header', 'footer'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=10)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is not None:
+        auto, expr, best_k = result
+        assert is_deterministic(expr)
+        assert 'header' in expr and 'footer' in expr
+
+
+def test_disjoint_symbols():
+    seqs = [
+        ['alpha', 'beta'],
+        ['gamma', 'delta'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is not None:
+        auto, expr, best_k = result
+        assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_k1_vs_k2_selection():
+    seqs = [
+        ['a', 'a', 'b'],
+        ['a', 'b'],
+        ['a', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_all_same_symbol():
+    seqs = [
+        ['a', 'a'],
+        ['a', 'a', 'a'],
+        ['a'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is not None:
+        auto, expr, best_k = result
+        assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_long_sequence():
+    seqs = [
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'],
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'],
+    ]
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=5)
+    result = kore.infer(seqs)
+    if result is not None:
+        auto, expr, best_k = result
+        assert is_deterministic(expr)
+
+
+def test_infer_returns_koa():
+    kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=3)
+    result = kore.infer([['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']])
+    assert result is not None
+    auto, expr, best_k = result
+    assert hasattr(auto, '_succ'), "Should return a KOA automaton"
+    assert hasattr(auto, 'src')
+    assert hasattr(auto, 'sink')
+
+
+def test_different_kmax():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    kore1 = kOREInference(k_max=1, N=5)
+    kore2 = kOREInference(k_max=3, N=5)
+    r1 = kore1.infer(seqs)
+    r2 = kore2.infer(seqs)
+    assert r1 is not None or r2 is not None
+
+
+# ── validate_k_ore tests ──
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_basic():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('a.b.c', 2)
+    assert valid, f"a.b.c should be valid for k=2: {reason}"
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_exceeds_k():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('a.a.a', 1)
+    assert not valid, "a.a.a should fail for k=1"
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_epsilon():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('ε', 1)
+    assert valid
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_empty():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('', 1)
+    assert valid
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_disjunction():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('(a|b|c)', 2)
+    assert valid, f"(a|b|c) should be valid for k=2: {reason}"
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_loop():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('a+', 1)
+    assert valid, "a+ should be valid for k=1"
+
+
+def test_validate_k_ore_k0():
+    valid, reason = validate_k_ore('a', 0)
+    assert not valid, "a should fail for k=0"
+
+
+# ── MDL scoring tests ──
+
+def test_mdl_model_cost():
+    assert model_cost('a.b.c') == 3
+    assert model_cost('(a|b)+.c') >= 2
+    assert model_cost('ε') >= 0
+
+
+def test_mdl_data_cost():
+    # General expression (a|b)+ has multiple words of length 1+: non-zero cost
+    dc = data_cost('(a|b)+', [['a', 'b'], ['b', 'a'], ['a']])
+    assert dc > 0, f"data_cost should be > 0 for general expression, got {dc}"
+    # Exact expression has cost 0 (log2(1) = 0)
+    dc_exact = data_cost('a.b.c', [['a', 'b', 'c']])
+    assert dc_exact == 0.0, f"data_cost for exact match should be 0, got {dc_exact}"
+
+
+def test_mdl_score_lower_is_better():
+    score_specific = mdl_score('a.b.c', [['a', 'b', 'c']])
+    score_general = mdl_score('(a|b|c)+?', [['a', 'b', 'c']])
+    assert score_specific > 0 and score_general > 0
+
+
+def test_mdl_empty_sequences():
+    score = mdl_score('a.b.c', [])
+    assert score == model_cost('a.b.c')
+
+
+# ── Algorithm 4 paper-faithful tests ──
+
+def test_infer_returns_deterministic():
+    for _ in range(5):
+        seqs = [['x', 'y'], ['x', 'z']]
+        kore = kOREInference(k_max=2, N=2)
+        result = kore.infer(seqs)
+        if result:
+            _, expr, _ = result
+            assert is_deterministic(expr), f"Non-deterministic: {expr}"
+
+
+def test_infer_obeys_k_occurrence():
+    seqs = [['a', 'b'], ['a', 'b', 'c']]
+    for k in range(1, 4):
+        kore = kOREInference(k_max=k, N=5)
+        result = kore.infer(seqs)
+        if result:
+            _, expr, best_k = result
+            valid, _ = validate_k_ore(expr, best_k)
+            assert valid, f"k={best_k} expression {expr} violates k-occurrence"
+
+
+def run_all():
+    tests = [
+        test_linear_sequence,
+        test_branching_paths,
+        test_optional_element,
+        test_looping_element,
+        test_multiple_alternatives,
+        test_rejects_non_deterministic,
+        test_empty_input,
+        test_single_element_sequences,
+        test_infer_returns_best_k,
+        test_tool_sequences,
+        test_single_sequence,
+        test_many_identical_sequences,
+        test_xml_like_structured,
+        test_disjoint_symbols,
+        test_k1_vs_k2_selection,
+        test_all_same_symbol,
+        test_long_sequence,
+        test_infer_returns_koa,
+        test_different_kmax,
+        test_validate_k_ore_basic,
+        test_validate_k_ore_exceeds_k,
+        test_validate_k_ore_epsilon,
+        test_validate_k_ore_empty,
+        test_validate_k_ore_disjunction,
+        test_validate_k_ore_loop,
+        test_validate_k_ore_k0,
+        test_mdl_model_cost,
+        test_mdl_data_cost,
+        test_mdl_score_lower_is_better,
+        test_mdl_empty_sequences,
+        test_infer_returns_deterministic,
+        test_infer_obeys_k_occurrence,
+    ]
+    passed = 0
+    failed = 0
+    for t in tests:
+        try:
+            t()
+            passed += 1
+        except Exception as e:
+            import traceback
+            print(f"  FAIL {t.__name__}: {e}")
+            traceback.print_exc()
+            failed += 1
+    print(f"\n{passed} passed, {failed} failed")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    run_all()